Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: What You Need to Know

mbokotaa
Dec 4
5 min read

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections globally, with most sexually active people being exposed at some point in their lives. It is a virus that affects both men and women. While many HPV infections resolve on their own within 1 to 2 years, persistent infections with high-risk HPV types can lead to serious health problems, including cervical cancer, anal cancer, penile cancer, throat cancer and genital warts. The HPV vaccine is given before exposure to the virus to prevent these outcomes later in life.

What is the HPV vaccine?

The HPV vaccine is designed to prevent infection with the most dangerous strains of HPV. It is most effective when given during late childhood or early adolescence and can dramatically reduce the risk of developing HPV-related cancers later on. Because it works best before exposure, health authorities recommend giving it before a person becomes sexually active. Think of the HPV vaccine as a “training course” for your immune system — it teaches your body to recognize and fight HPV before it ever has the chance to do harm.

Who should get vaccinated? And When?

The vaccine is recommended for girls and boys between 9 and 14 years of age. This age range is ideal because the immune response is strongest and most effective before a person becomes sexually active and is exposed to HPV. In South Africa, the Department of Health provides free vaccination for Grade 5 girls in public schools to protect them against cervical cancer, which remains a significant public health concern. Boys and girls who are not part of the school programme, as well as adults up to age 45, can still receive the vaccine privately through clinics, doctors, or pharmacies.

Tip for parents: Getting vaccinated early means your child is protected long before they are at risk.

How does it work?

The HPV vaccine contains virus-like particles (VLPs) made from proteins that mimic the outer surface of HPV. These VLPs look like the virus and stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies. This means the body “learns” to recognize and fight HPV in the future. The vaccine does not contain viral DNA, which means it cannot cause infection. If the person is later exposed to the real virus, these antibodies prevent infection by blocking HPV from entering cells.Because the vaccine is preventive rather than therapeutic, it cannot cure an existing HPV infection — another reason why early vaccination is preferred.

What Vaccines are currently available?

There are three HPV vaccines available worldwide:

Cervarix™ (bivalent): Protects against HPV types 16 & 18 (about 70% of cervical cancers).
Gardasil® (quadrivalent): Protects against types 6, 11, 16, 18 (covers 90% of genital warts + cervical cancer).
Gardasil 9® (nonavalent): Covers the above + five extra cancer-causing strains.

Girls under 14 usually get two doses, six to twelve months apart. Those over 15 or who are immunocompromised (including people living with HIV) require three doses.

In South Africa, the Department of Health administers a single dose of Cervarix™ to Grade 5 learners (ages 10 to 12 years). Research shows that even one dose offers strong protection and allows for wider vaccine coverage. This single-dose strategy is easier to implement, more cost-effective, and supported by the World Health Organization in settings where resources are limited.

Is it safe?

Extensive research has shown that the HPV vaccine is safe. Most side effects are mild and temporary, such as soreness at the injection site, headache, or mild fever. If your child feels unwell, apply a cool compress and give paracetamol (e.g., Panado) if needed. Because fainting can occur, children should sit for 15 minutes after vaccination to avoid injury. The benefits of vaccination in preventing cancer far outweigh the risks.

Who should not get the vaccine?

The HPV vaccine is safe for most people, but there are certain situations where it should be avoided or delayed. Individuals who have a severe allergy to any component of the vaccine, including yeast, should not receive it, as this can trigger a life-threatening allergic reaction. People who have experienced a serious reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine should also avoid further doses. The vaccine is not recommended during pregnancy, although it can be safely administered before or after pregnancy. Anyone who is moderately or severely ill should wait until they are better before being vaccinated. Adults between twenty-six and forty-five can discuss the potential benefits with their healthcare provider, as protection may depend on prior HPV exposure.

How well does it work?

HPV vaccines are highly immunogenic and around 98% of people develop antibodies to HPV within one month of vaccination. Long-term studies show that protection lasts for at least 10 to 12 years, with no evidence of declining immunity. In countries with widespread vaccination programs (such as Australia and the UK), HPV infections, genital warts, and cervical pre-cancers have dropped dramatically, in some cases by more than 80%, showing real-world effectiveness in reducing cervical cancer risk. Even if vaccinated, women should continue routine cervical screening through Pap smears or HPV DNA testing, since the vaccine does not protect against all HPV types. Screening helps catch any early changes that could lead to cancer.

Can I still get the vaccine if I am sexually active?

Yes, however, the vaccine will not protect against HPV types you have already been exposed to. This is why early vaccination is preferred. Still, getting vaccinated can provide protection against other types you may not yet have encountered.

Addressing myths and misconceptions

Despite concerns raised during the COVID-19 pandemic, the HPV vaccine has been safely used worldwide for more than fifteen years. It does not cause infertility, cannot cause HPV infection because it contains no live virus, and remains one of the most effective cancer prevention tools available. Being healthy does not eliminate the need for vaccination, as anyone can contract HPV. Some parents may worry that vaccinating their child against an STI at age 9 or 10 is too early — but this timing is deliberate, as the vaccine is most effective before exposure and helps build long-term immunity.

Vaccination in South Africa

Girls attending public schools can receive the vaccine free of charge through the Department of Health’s school-based immunization program. For those outside the program, or for boys and adults, the vaccine is available through private doctors, clinics, and some pharmacies. The cost varies by vaccine type and provider, but expect to pay roughly R800–R1,200 per dose in the private sector (two doses are recommended for younger adolescents). Some medical aids may cover part or all of the cost.

Final Thoughts

The HPV vaccine is one of the most powerful tools in cancer prevention today. When combined with regular screening, it can virtually eliminate cervical cancer as a public health threat in the coming decades. Vaccinating early protects not only individual health but also helps reduce the overall circulation of HPV in the community, benefiting everyone.

The HPV vaccine is not just a jab — it’s a long-term investment in health.